12/13/2017 | Sonal Patel

Supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO₂) cycles—which are inching closer to commercial applications for waste heat recovery, concentrating solar power, nuclear, and fossil energy—offer higher thermal efficiencies and power density than conventional steam Rankine and Air Brayton cycles in use today for power generation. But to realize these potentially game-changing cycles, common challenges associated with turbomachinery must be overcome, experts from the Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) said as they presented a tutorial on December 12 at the Turbomachinery Symposium in Houston.

During their tutorial, which provided an overview of ongoing research on sCO₂ power cycles and associated turbomachinery, the experts noted that SwRI is designing and should soon begin building a 10-MW grid-connected pilot project at the organization’s campus in San Antonio, Texas, that will use sCO₂ Brayton power cycles. The Gas Technology Institute (GTI) will lead the six-year pilot project at the “Supercritical Transformational Electric Power (STEP)” facility (Figure 1) as well as provide system engineering, and test management, and GE Global Research will be responsible for turbomachinery design and fabrication. Additional project support will be provided by original equipment manufacturers, international research and development organizations, universities, and power system utilities.

Big Benefits All Around

sCO₂ Brayton power cycles operate in a manner similar to other turbine cycles, but their high-power-density turbomachinery uses sCO₂ as the working fluid. According to the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), which has provided $80 million in federal funding for the STEP project, no commercially feasible sCO₂ facility exists for high temperature and high-efficiency system testing, even though the technology has been under development for decades.

sCO₂ is a fluid state of CO_2, where it is held at or above its critical temperature and critical pressure. As the DOE explains on its website: “Carbon dioxide usually behaves as a gas in air at standard temperature and pressure (STP), or as a solid called dry ice when frozen. If the temperature and pressure are both increased from STP to be at or above the critical point for carbon dioxide, it can adopt properties midway between a gas and a liquid. At this state, sCO₂can be used efficiently throughout the entire Brayton cycle.”

The U.S. has one of few state-led efforts to develop sCO₂ cycles. Others include South Korea, which is exploring a sCO₂ Brayton cycle for a small modular reactor, and China has funded research into a cascaded sCO₂ system integrated with solar and biomass.

The DOE touts the technology’s economic and environmental benefits. These include a “broad applicability to [a] variety of heat sources.” Its applications can be expanded to power generation from nuclear, coal, gas, oil, concentrating solar, waste heat recovery, and geothermal. Also notable is that the sCO₂ Brayton cycle has the potential to surpass 40% efficiency, compared with Rankine’s efficiency of 33%. That translates into reduced fuel consumption and emissions, low cooling water consumption, and a compact design that should lower capital cost. The initiative will also progress U.S. global competitiveness and it supports President Trump’s Climate Action Plan, the DOE said.

A Breakthrough by 2020?

In the U.S., a handful of projects are underway to demonstrate the sCO₂ power cycle. In March 2016, Durham, N.C.–based NET Power along with Exelon Generation, CB&I, and 8 Rivers Capital, broke ground for a 50-MWt plant to demonstrate the sCO₂ Allam cycle. NET Power’s Allam Cycle—named for its lead inventor, Rodney Allam—burns natural gas (or synthetic gas from coal gasification) with pure oxygen and uses high-pressure, sCO₂ as a working fluid in a semi-closed loop to drive a combustion turbine. Its byproducts are mostly liquid water and the CO₂ that is recycled by the process.

On December 12, NET Power spokesperson Walker Dimmig told POWER that construction at the demonstration project in La Porte, Texas,  is “largely complete, and right now we’re in commissioning and early startup.” Dimmig said projecting an exact date for start of operations was difficult: “Given that this is a test facility, as you might imagine the commissioning, startup, and early testing schedule is very different than it would be for a commercial facility using a well-proven process.  It’ll be a very methodical, careful process, and we don’t have a specific public online date.”

Sandia National Laboratories, which notably houses the world’s only engineering-scale sCO₂recompression-closed Brayton cycle (Figure 2), is investigating a dry-cooled sCO₂ Brayton cycle to increase the power conversion efficiency and reduce water consumption in concentrating solar power plants. Sandia says, however, that a “major challenge is the transfer of heat from CSP (very high temperatures) to the Brayton power loop.”

 

Another sCO₂ cycle project that is showing more solid promise—and could be online by 2020—is Echogen’s 7.2-MW waste heat recovery system. The project will combine oxy-combustion to capture CO₂ from coal plants with an indirect-fired sCO₂ cycle for waste heat recovery. The DOE has poured $1.7 million into the project that is being led by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) and otherwise backed by Babcock and Wilcox, Doosan, Dresser-Rand, GE Power, and Howden Group. That project is currently in cost-estimating phase, EPRI said.

The STEP project promises to provide valuable data on potential challenges for continuous operation of the sCO₂ cycles on a larger scale, the SwRI researchers said on Tuesday. Research will focus on whether indirectly heated cycles are applicable to advanced combustion boilers. It will also explore whether sCO₂ thermal efficiency of more than 50% is possible at turbine inlet temperatures a little higher than 700C—which is three to five points higher than ultrasupercritical steam cycles at the same temperature. Finally, it will look at whether the cycle is adaptable for dry cooling; and high fluid density and low-pressure ratio enable compact turbomachinery.

But according to SwRI’s Tim Allison, the team has already encountered challenges designing the compact turbomachinery the technology needs. Combinations of pressure, temperature, and density of sCO₂ power cycles are outside the experience base of existing turbomachines, and resolving challenges posed by sCO₂ turbomachinery design will be integral to realize these cycles, he said.

Other experts, including SwRI’s Jason Wilkes and Jeff Moore, detailed specific challenges with associated sCO₂ turbomachinery design such as rotordynamics, pressure containment, sealing, thermal management, and transient/off-design operation.

Wilkes added that technology’s future economics are being considered as SwRI designs STEP. However, he noted, because a supply chain for component materials that are necessary to the build the first-of-its-kind project don’t yet exist, obtaining materials has been costly.

The developments have been slow to emerge but advances are certain, said Moore. “Unfortunately, steam has 100 years on us, so we’re playing catch-up,” he said.

Game Changing sCO2 Cycles

—Sonal Patel is a POWER associate editor (@sonalcpatel, @POWERmagazine)